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Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry
A topic from the subject of Calibration in Chemistry.
Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry
Key Points
- Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies scientific and mathematical principles to the design, operation, and optimization of chemical processes.
- Industrial chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the production of chemicals on a large scale.
- Both chemical engineering and industrial chemistry are essential to the modern world, as they are used to produce a wide variety of products, from food and beverages to pharmaceuticals and plastics.
Main Concepts
- Chemical reaction engineering: This field deals with the design of chemical reactors, which are devices used to carry out chemical reactions.
- Mass transfer: This field deals with the movement of molecules from one phase to another.
- Heat transfer: This field deals with the transfer of heat from one object to another.
- Fluid mechanics: This field deals with the behavior of fluids.
- Catalysis: This field deals with the use of catalysts to increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Experiment: Conversion of Toluene to Benzoic Acid
Objective:
To demonstrate the principles of oxidation reaction, specifically the conversion of toluene to benzoic acid using potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent.
Materials:
- Toluene
- Potassium permanganate
- Sulfuric acid (5%)
- Sodium hydroxide solution (10%)
- Distilled water
- Round-bottom flask
- Separatory funnel
- Filter paper
- Ice bath
Procedure:
- In a round-bottom flask, dissolve 10 mL of toluene in 100 mL of 5% sulfuric acid.
- Slowly add 15 g of potassium permanganate to the mixture while stirring constantly.
- Maintain the temperature at around 50-60°C using an ice bath.
- Continue stirring for 1-2 hours, or until the color of the solution changes from purple to green.
- Filter the reaction mixture using filter paper to remove the precipitated manganese dioxide.
- Transfer the filtrate to a separatory funnel and extract the benzoic acid with diethyl ether.
- Wash the ether extract with 10% sodium hydroxide solution to remove any remaining manganese ions.
- Dry the ether extract over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
- Filter the dried ether extract and evaporate the solvent to obtain benzoic acid crystals.
Observations:
The original purple solution turns green during the reaction, indicating the reduction of potassium permanganate. The reaction mixture forms a precipitate of manganese dioxide. After extraction and filtration, benzoic acid crystals are obtained.
Conclusion:
The experiment successfully demonstrates the conversion of toluene to benzoic acid through an oxidation reaction. The process involves the use of potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent, highlighting the principles of oxidation and organic synthesis.
Significance:
This experiment is significant in understanding the concept of oxidation reactions and their applications in chemical engineering and industrial chemistry. The conversion of toluene to benzoic acid is an industrially important process for the production of various chemicals and materials, including pharmaceuticals, plastics, and perfumes.